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1. 用户主动让出CPU:runtime.Gosched函数
在介绍两种抢占调度之前,我们首先介绍一下
runtime.Gosched
函数:// Gosched yields the processor, allowing other goroutines to run. It does not
// suspend the current goroutine, so execution resumes automatically.
func Gosched() {
checkTimeouts()
mcall(gosched_m)
}
根据说明,
runtime.Gosched
函数会主动放弃当前处理器,并且允许其他协程执行,但是起并不会暂停自己,而只是让渡调度权,之后依赖调度器获得重新调度。之后,会通过
mcall
函数切换到g0
栈去执行gosched_m
函数:// Gosched continuation on g0.
func gosched_m(gp *g) {
if trace.enabled {
traceGoSched()
}
goschedImpl(gp)
}
gosched_m
调用goschedImpl
函数,其会为协程gp
让渡出本M,并且将gp
放到全局队列中,等待调度。func goschedImpl(gp *g) {
status := readgstatus(gp)
if status&^_Gscan != _Grunning {
dumpgstatus(gp)
throw("bad g status")
}
casgstatus(gp, _Grunning, _Grunnable)
dropg() // 使当前m放弃gp,就是其参数 curg
lock(&sched.lock)
globrunqput(gp) // 并且把gp放到全局队列中,等待调度
unlock(&sched.lock)
schedule()
}
虽然
runtime.Gosched
具有主动放弃CPU的能力,但是对用户的要求比较高,并非用户友好的。2. 基于协作的抢占式调度
2.1 场景
package main
import (
"fmt"
"runtime"
"sync"
"time"
)
var once = sync.Once{}
func f() {
once.Do(func() {
fmt.Println("I am go routine 1!")
})
}
func main() {
defer runtime.GOMAXPROCS(runtime.GOMAXPROCS(1))
go func() {
for {
f()
}
}()
time.Sleep(10 * time.Millisecond)
fmt.Println("I am main goroutine!")
}
我们考虑如上代码,首先我们设置P的个数为1,然后起一个协程中进入死循环,循环调用一个函数,如果没有抢占调度,那么这个协程将一直占据P,也就是会一直占据CPU,代码就永远不可能执行到
fmt.Println("I am main goroutine!")
这行。下面我们看看,协作式抢占是怎么避免以上问题的。2.2 栈扩张与抢占标记
$ go tool compile -N -l main.go
$ go tool objdump main.o >> main.i
我们通过以上指令,得到2.1中代码的汇编代码,截取
f
函数的汇编代码如下:TEXT "".f(SB) gofile../home/chenyiguo/smb_share/go_routine_test/main.go
main.go:12 0x151a 493b6610 CMPQ 0x10(R14), SP
main.go:12 0x151e 762b JBE 0x154b
main.go:12 0x1520 4883ec18 SUBQ $0x18, SP
main.go:12 0x1524 48896c2410 MOVQ BP, 0x10(SP)
main.go:12 0x1529 488d6c2410 LEAQ 0x10(SP), BP
main.go:13 0x152e 488d0500000000 LEAQ 0(IP), AX [3:7]R_PCREL:"".once
main.go:13 0x1535 488d1d00000000 LEAQ 0(IP), BX [3:7]R_PCREL:"".f.func1·f
main.go:13 0x153c e800000000 CALL 0x1541 [1:5]R_CALL:sync.(*Once).Do
main.go:16 0x1541 488b6c2410 MOVQ 0x10(SP), BP
main.go:16 0x1546 4883c418 ADDQ $0x18, SP
main.go:16 0x154a c3 RET
main.go:12 0x154b e800000000 CALL 0x1550 [1:5]R_CALL:runtime.morestack_noctxt
main.go:12 0x1550 ebc8 JMP "".f(SB)
其中第一行,
CMPQ 0x10(R14), SP
就是比较SP
和0x10(R14)
(其实就是stackguard0
)的大小(注意AT&T
格式下CMP
系列指令的顺序),当SP
小于等于0x10(R14)
时,就会调转到0x154b
地址调用runtime.morestack_noctxt
,触发栈扩张操作。其实如果你仔细观察就会发现,所有的函数的序言(函数调用的最前方)都被插入了检测指令,除非在函数上标记//go:nosplit
。接下来,我们将关注于两点来打通整个链路,即:
栈扩张怎么重新调度,让出CPU的执行权?
何时会设置栈扩张标记?
2.3 栈扩张怎么触发重新调度
// morestack but not preserving ctxt.
TEXT runtime・morestack_noctxt(SB),NOSPLIT,$0
MOVL $0, DX
JMP runtime・morestack(SB)
TEXT runtime・morestack(SB),NOSPLIT,$0-0
...
// Set g->sched to context in f.
MOVQ 0(SP), AX // f's PC
MOVQ AX, (g_sched+gobuf_pc)(SI)
LEAQ 8(SP), AX // f's SP
MOVQ AX, (g_sched+gobuf_sp)(SI)
MOVQ BP, (g_sched+gobuf_bp)(SI)
MOVQ DX, (g_sched+gobuf_ctxt)(SI)
...
CALL runtime・newstack(SB)
CALL runtime・abort(SB) // crash if newstack returns
RET
以上代码中,
runtime·morestack_noctxt
调用runtime·morestack
,在runtime·morestack
中,会首先记录协程的PC和SP,然后调用runtime.newstack
:func newstack() {
...
gp := thisg.m.curg
...
stackguard0 := atomic.Loaduintptr(&gp.stackguard0)
...
preempt := stackguard0 == stackPreempt
...
if preempt {
if gp == thisg.m.g0 {
throw("runtime: preempt g0")
}
if thisg.m.p == 0 && thisg.m.locks == 0 {
throw("runtime: g is running but p is not")
}
if gp.preemptShrink {
// We're at a synchronous safe point now, so
// do the pending stack shrink.
gp.preemptShrink = false
shrinkstack(gp)
}
if gp.preemptStop {
preemptPark(gp) // never returns
}
// Act like goroutine called runtime.Gosched.
gopreempt_m(gp) // never return
}
...
}
我们简化
runtime.newstack
函数,总结起来就是通过现有工作协程的stackguard0
字段,来判断是不是应该发生抢占,如果需要的话,则调用gopreempt_m(gp)
函数:func gopreempt_m(gp *g) {
if trace.enabled {
traceGoPreempt()
}
goschedImpl(gp)
}
可以看到,
gopreempt_m
函数和前面讲到Gosched
函数时说到的gosched_m
函数一样,都将调用goschedImpl
函数,为协程gp
让渡出本M,并且将gp
放到全局队列中,等待调度。这里我们就明白了,一旦发生栈扩张,就有可能会发生让渡出执行权,进行重新调度的可能性,那什么时候会发生栈扩张呢?
2.4 何时设置栈扩张标记
在代码中,将
stackguard0
字段置为stackPreempt
的地方有不少,但是和我们以上场景相符的还是在后台监护线程sysmon
循环中,对于陷入系统调用和长时间运行的goroutine
的运行权进行夺取的retake
函数:func sysmon() {
...
for {
...
// retake P's blocked in syscalls
// and preempt long running G's
if retake(now) != 0 {
idle = 0
} else {
idle++
}
...
}
}
func retake(now int64) uint32 {
...
for i := 0; i < len(allp); i++ {
...
s := _p_.status
sysretake := false
if s == _Prunning || s == _Psyscall {
// Preempt G if it's running for too long.
t := int64(_p_.schedtick)
if int64(pd.schedtick) != t {
pd.schedtick = uint32(t)
pd.schedwhen = now
} else if pd.schedwhen+forcePreemptNS <= now { // forcePreemptNS=10ms
preemptone(_p_) // 在这里设置栈扩张标记
// In case of syscall, preemptone() doesn't
// work, because there is no M wired to P.
sysretake = true
}
}
...
}
unlock(&allpLock)
return uint32(n)
}
其中,在
preemptone
函数中进行栈扩张标记的设置:func preemptone(_p_ *p) bool {
mp := _p_.m.ptr()
if mp == nil || mp == getg().m {
return false
}
gp := mp.curg
if gp == nil || gp == mp.g0 {
return false
}
gp.preempt = true
// Every call in a goroutine checks for stack overflow by
// comparing the current stack pointer to gp->stackguard0.
// Setting gp->stackguard0 to StackPreempt folds
// preemption into the normal stack overflow check.
gp.stackguard0 = stackPreempt // 设置栈扩张标记
// Request an async preemption of this P.
if preemptMSupported && debug.asyncpreemptoff == 0 {
_p_.preempt = true
preemptM(mp)
}
return true
}
通过以上,我们串通起了
goroutine
协作式抢占的逻辑:首先,后台监控线程会对运行时间过长(
≥10ms
)的协程设置栈扩张标记;协程运行到任何一个函数的序言的时候,都会首先检查栈扩张标记;
如果需要进行栈扩张,在进行栈扩张的时候,会夺取这个协程的运行权,从而实现抢占式调度。
3. 基于信号的抢占式调度
分析以上结论我们可以知道,上述抢占触发逻辑有一个致命的缺点,那就是必须要运行到函数栈的序言部分,而这根本无法读取以下协程的运行权,在Go的1.14版本之前,一下代码不会打印最后一句
"I am main goroutine!"
:package main
import (
"fmt"
"runtime"
"sync"
"time"
)
var once = sync.Once{}
func main() {
defer runtime.GOMAXPROCS(runtime.GOMAXPROCS(1))
go func() {
for {
once.Do(func() {
fmt.Println("I am go routine 1!")
})
}
}()
time.Sleep(10 * time.Millisecond)
fmt.Println("I am main goroutine!")
}
因为以上协程中的
for
循环是个死循环,且并不会包含栈扩张逻辑,所以不会让渡出自身的执行权。3.1 发送抢占信号
为此,
Go SDK
引入了基于信号的抢占式调度。我们注意分析上一节preemptone
函数代码中有以下部分:if preemptMSupported && debug.asyncpreemptoff == 0 {
_p_.preempt = true
preemptM(mp)
}
其中
preemptM
函数会发送_SIGURG
信号给需要抢占的线程:const sigPreempt = _SIGURG
func preemptM(mp *m) {
// On Darwin, don't try to preempt threads during exec.
// Issue #41702.
if GOOS == "darwin" || GOOS == "ios" {
execLock.rlock()
}
if atomic.Cas(&mp.signalPending, 0, 1) {
if GOOS == "darwin" || GOOS == "ios" {
atomic.Xadd(&pendingPreemptSignals, 1)
}
// If multiple threads are preempting the same M, it may send many
// signals to the same M such that it hardly make progress, causing
// live-lock problem. Apparently this could happen on darwin. See
// issue #37741.
// Only send a signal if there isn't already one pending.
signalM(mp, sigPreempt)
}
if GOOS == "darwin" || GOOS == "ios" {
execLock.runlock()
}
}
3.2 抢占调用的注入
说到这里,我们就需要回到最开始,在第一个协程
m0
开启mstart
的调用链路上,会调用mstartm0
函数,在这里会调用initsig
:func initsig(preinit bool) {
...
for i := uint32(0); i < _NSIG; i++ {
...
handlingSig[i] = 1
setsig(i, abi.FuncPCABIInternal(sighandler))
}
}
在以上,注册了
sighandler
函数:func sighandler(sig uint32, info *siginfo, ctxt unsafe.Pointer, gp *g) {
...
if sig == sigPreempt && debug.asyncpreemptoff == 0 {
// Might be a preemption signal.
doSigPreempt(gp, c)
// Even if this was definitely a preemption signal, it
// may have been coalesced with another signal, so we
// still let it through to the application.
}
...
}
然后接收到
sigPreempt
信号时,会通过doSigPreempt
函数处理如下:func doSigPreempt(gp *g, ctxt *sigctxt) {
// Check if this G wants to be preempted and is safe to
// preempt.
if wantAsyncPreempt(gp) {
if ok, newpc := isAsyncSafePoint(gp, ctxt.sigpc(), ctxt.sigsp(), ctxt.siglr()); ok {
// Adjust the PC and inject a call to asyncPreempt.
ctxt.pushCall(abi.FuncPCABI0(asyncPreempt), newpc) // 插入抢占调用
}
}
// Acknowledge the preemption.
atomic.Xadd(&gp.m.preemptGen, 1)
atomic.Store(&gp.m.signalPending, 0)
if GOOS == "darwin" || GOOS == "ios" {
atomic.Xadd(&pendingPreemptSignals, -1)
}
}
最终,
doSigPreempt—>asyncPreempt->asyncPreempt2
:func asyncPreempt2() {
gp := getg()
gp.asyncSafePoint = true
if gp.preemptStop {
mcall(preemptPark)
} else {
mcall(gopreempt_m)
}
gp.asyncSafePoint = false
}
然后,又回到了我们熟悉的
gopreempt_m
函数,这里就不赘述了。所以对于基于信号的抢占调度,总结如下:
M1发送信号
_SIGURG
;M2接收到信号,并通过信号处理函数进行处理;
M2修改执行的上下文,并恢复到修改后的位置;
重新进入调度循环,进而调度其他
goroutine
。以上就是Go协作与抢占怎么实现的详细内容,更多关于Go协作与抢占怎么实现的资料请关注九品源码其它相关文章!